Self-Control Theory of Crime Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self-Control Theory of Crime Evaluation - Essay Example   The social control theory addresses issues that enhance social order and compliance. It analyzes factors that determine whether certain activities are against the law. The theory states that the concepts that one perceives as norms are implied behavioral rules. This means that social stability relies on people’s responsibilities for others based on courtesy and etiquette. Violation of norms leads to punishment that varies depending on the prevalence of the norm. This theory emphasizes the effects of parental influence on crime rate. Positive reinforcement, as understood in the theory, may lead to a safe and happy community. This is because it enhances motivational factors that may foster acceptable behaviors. One of the motivational factors is love. For example, a person who feels loved is likely to love other individuals and become a peaceful person. However, a person who feels unloved is likely to be dangerous like the persons who are abused by the community (Burfeind & Bartusch, 2011). An additional advantage of the theory is its ability to foster social morality. This leads to social order that eventually becomes part of societal processes. This is because moral values become intrinsic features. Additionally, the theory emphasizes the promotion of appropriate behaviors through the development of social consciousness enhanced by attachment. It is fundamental to acknowledge that attachment is the bond that exists between a person, his or her family, and the entire community. The attachment is vital in the maintenance of social order because it encourages deference for authority and acceptance of the norm through commitment. Lack of commitment increases the occurrence of crime in a community, while commitment makes people look for ways of meeting their needs lawfully. Sociologists believe that such involvement discourages unlawful actions. For example, young individuals who are strongly attached to their parents are unlikely to engage in unexpected behaviors compared to persons who are distant from their parents. This is because attachment enhances direct control of children, reducing the probability of engaging in deviant behaviors. Positive reinforcement leads the formation of self-image.   Sociologists posit that one forms one’s self-image during one’s childhood, and this self-image is carried forward to the adulthood. Positive reinforcements can lead to the formation of a good self-image that makes an individual perceive himself or herself as a good person. Individuals with good images do not commit crimes because their conscience cannot allow them. For example, children who perceive themselves as good can resist peer pressure that lead to delinquencies. This is especially the case in places where crime rates are high, especially in informal settlements. People with poor images of themselves are likely to commit crimes because they are bitter (Burfeind & Bartusch, 2011). Additionally, positive reinforcement can enhance moral beliefs. These beliefs allow people to embrace the society’s moral concepts and hinder their involvement in unlawful behaviors. For example, if a child grows up believing that drugs can kill, he or she will not take the drugs (Hirschi, 2001). Negative reinforcement, as understood in the social control theory, increases crime. Factors that lead to negative reinforcem

Personal And Professional Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal And Professional Development - Essay Example Trainings, workshops, and observations, in addition to other professional development activities, help educator’s enhance their own teaching skills. This enables new and veteran teachers alike to be able to take their teaching to an entirely new level. Professional development involves not only the learning of new instructional methodologies and strategies, but they also enable individuals to keep up to date with new technology that can be effectively implemented into today’s modern classroom. In today’s rapidly advancing and globally progressive world, it is more important than ever that teacher’s today strive to grow professionally in their own right, so that they can foster the continued growth of their own student’s as well. 2. Learning-Environment Observation Studies Gaining the confidence required to be an effective teacher can often come by observing others in action. In so doing, the mentality shifts from one of trepidation to one of accompl ishment. As we see others performing duties well, we begin to feel that we can do the same. This involves observing multiple disciplines to gain a solid overview about the teaching styles evident in the classroom that both promote and foster an environment conducive to the learning process. It is also important to observe others as a means of teacher development. Rossner (1992) argues that, â€Å"Teacher development is not just to do with language or even teaching: it’s also about language development, counselling skills, assertiveness training, confidence building, computing, meditation, cultural broadening – almost anything in fact† (p. 4). Teaching is about much more than communicating facts and figures to young people. It is... This report stresses that professional development can help a new teacher grow in his or her abilities, in addition to leading to an increase in self-confidence. As a new educator in the second year of a teacher-training program, it is important to understand this process begins now. The prospect of entering a class of bright, young, and energetic students without any proper training or observations under my belt would be quite frightening indeed. This paper makes a conclusion that as has been demonstrated to this point, this module has instilled in this student the importance that personal and professional development has on the life of an educator. Teachers must be willing to constantly grow into their profession. New teachers have the responsibility to observe, learn theory, implement methodologies, and adapt to an increasingly technological and globally connected world. Teaching is a serious profession. Young people only possess a limited amount of time to acquire all of the skills and training that are necessary for themselves to enter into society as productive members, so teachers must work hard to ensure that this transition is as effective as possible. This begins with a thorough understanding of what it takes to be an educator, transcends into the role of counsellor and mediator, and continues to the role of life-long learning. In the end, teaching is a most rewarding profession, but also one that requires a great de al of foresight and perseverance.

Possible Effects Of Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Possible Effects Of Global Warming Essay If the global temperature swells by another 7 degrees, then it may result in melting of polar ice which may result in about a 3 to 4 foot increase in sea levels. If such thing happens, then many low lying areas in the world especially Bangladesh, Netherlands, Guam, Indonesia, Maldives and Sri Lanka could be engulfed by sea waters. Increase in global temperature may trigger the spread of dreadful diseases like Malaria, Virus fever, dengue fever and other sub-tropical diseases. Ever increasing temperature may upset weather patterns all over the world , causing starvation due to drought in prime food –producing regions namely South Asia , sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Latin America. Due to unprecedented increase in temperature, the whole gamut of species of animals and plants could be wiped out. 7. MAJOR PLAYERS OF GLOBAL WARMING: U. S. A is not only a foremost economy of the world but also the largest consumer of fossil fuels and naturally, it is the biggest producer of greenhouse gasses, comprising of more than 20% of the world’s carbon dioxide emission which is about 5 billion metric tons. Being the most industrialized economy, U. S. A is heavily depending on coal, oil and natural gas for its energy needs and hence U. S. A government is rather reluctant to initiate any appropriate steps to limit the greenhouse gas emissions and charges that Arrhenius theory is only a myth. U. S. A is averse to initiate any immediate action restraining the use of fossil fuels or to limit such use as they fear it would have long term effect on its economy. According to Global Climate Change Coalition, an industry group which is vehemently opposing prescribing mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions as it would result in the ruining of economy. Further , a study pursued by the coalition group forecasts that if U. S. A pursues some measures on restricting its greenhouse gas emission , then it would result about a 3% decline in U. S gross domestic product by 2010, resulting in a fall of 25% in the growth rate of American’s standard of living. Fig 1: Source: Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, December 2004. 8. PREVENTIVE MEASURES: An international treaty namely ‘The Kyoto Protocol ‘was adopted in Kyoto, in Japan in 1997 mainly to curb the emissions of greenhouse gasses. The Kyoto Protocol has prescribed mandating limits on carbon emissions which took effect in 2005 nearly after eight years of it was introduced. Regrettably, U. S. A, the world’s top carbon emitter has yet to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Some Energy companies and economists have proposed to introduce taxing carbon as an enticement to tempt both the industries and consumers to use low carbon emitting fuels. Gases like Chlorofluorocarbons [CFC] are man made ones and this gas was used as propellants in aerosol containers, as refrigerants and also being used as a solvent in the manufacture of computer chip. It has been discovered that CFC were mutilating the stratospheric ozone layer thereby permitting majority of the sun’s destructive ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth. The World CFC manufacturers have agreed to phase out their production of CFC by signing 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer. It is to be observed that the man made gasses like CFC is damaging the Ozone layer only very little and the major culprit is the carbon dioxide. Further felling the trees also contribute the level of CO2 high in the atmosphere as green trees helps to remove the gasses from the atmosphere or to maintain equilibrium. During the May 2005, New Zealand had introduced â€Å"carbon taxes’ mainly to dissuade excessive use of carbon oriented fuels. Thus, New Zealand had imposed about 6% to home electricity consumption and 9% for business energy cost. By 2012, all signatories to Kyoto Protocol should reduce their GHG emissions to less than 5% which is below 1990 levels. Likewise, The European Union had introduced a regional cap –and-trade policy to make it convenient for high emitting EU countries to oblige. 9. ADVANTAGES OF LIMITING THE EMISSION: Some U. S industries, though initially opposed to prescribe caps on emission, later considered that the stricter policy as not only environmentally essential but also potentially advantageous to economy since it will push for the invention of new technologies. Further, Title IV of the 1992 Clean Air Act demanded industries and utilities to minimize their sulfur dioxide emissions which are released by burning coal. Many companies who have exceeded their target sold their excess allowances to some companies that fall short of complying the above provision. Thus, a market in sulfur dioxide allowances materialized. The trading of these excess allowances is being conducted on the Chicago Board of Trading along with the markets for agricultural products and pork belly futures. 10. THE METHODOLOGY OF GREENHOUSE WARMING EARTH’S SURFACE: The greenhouse phenomenon is nothing about carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases discharged into the Earth’s atmosphere will trap solar heat and such trapping will warm the earth’s surface and earth’s lower atmosphere. The greenhouse gas emission effect has been explained in the following diagram: FIG 2: EFFECT OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION: Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 11. CRITICS ARGUMENT AGAINST FINDINGS: Some critics like Sallie Baliunas who is Harvard University’s astrophysics argue that in the past century alone, there was an increase of just 0. 5 degree Celsius and not more than a 10 to 20 % of a degree could have been caused by human-made greenhouse gases. According to Baliunas, the 0. 5 to 1. 5 degree Celsius warming foretold by the computer simulations overstates the greenhouse effect created by the equivalent 50% buildup of carbon dioxide. Some critics argue that IPCC disclosure that there is a perceptible human influence on global climate† tosses the finding itself into air. Some critics vehemently lament that sea-level surge predictions are embellished as the temperature in polar region would still remain below freezing. Some points out those supporters have projected an illusion that global warming would result in the spread of malaria and mosquito oriented diseases. Supporters of global warming have forgotten to take into account the advanced technology available as on date like air-conditioning, mosquito repellents and mosquito coils and modern medicines have completely eradicated Malaria from the soil of U. S. A and substantially in other countries. Likewise, critics assailed a report forecasting that algal blooms amplified by warming waters would cause cholera was disparaged as unfounded one by the evidence. 12. IPCC’s FINDINGS ON GLOBAL WARMING: United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] has made the following revelations about global warming; ? There will be an increase of 15 to 90 centimeters in sea levels or by 6 inches to 3 feet by the year 2100. This mainly due to raising global warming which will melt polar ice sheets and the glaziers and there will be an expansion of water due to its getting warmed. ? Global warming will result in increase of extremely hotter days and there will be shrinking of cold days in general. ? There will be drastic change in weather pattern causing havoc floods like Katrina and some provinces will be engulfed by famine or droughts. ? There will be an intensity of rainfall as scientists would not predict whether severe storms and tropical cyclones would transform the intensity and location. If the sea level increases from half –foot to three feet level , then that would extensively flood the areas like parts of south Florida and southern Louisiana and would create an wide-ranging infrastructure changes in cities like Texas , Dallas , S. C , Charleston and some extent New York City. Further, regional warming trend over the past five decades has made ice shelves along the coast of Antarctica to crumple. Some supporters of the global warming argue that people would be benefit from climate change. According to World Climate Report, warmer climate will pave the way for opening up Siberia and northern Canada suitable for agriculture production, increase the rainfall globally and minimize the perils of winter driving. According to World Climate Report magazine that global warming would usher more advantages and these advantage will overtake its disadvantages. Imagine a warmer climate in poles, Siberia and in Netherlands. It would drastically reduce the energy consumption on heating, reduced clothing expenses, transportation will be less problematic and overall death rates would be at a lower level. Plants absorb the carbon dioxide through their leaves, employ it in the process of photosynthesis and then emit oxygen. Thus, the oxygen released by plant is taken up by the animals for their existence. Thus, carbon dioxide released by animals is returned to atmosphere and once again taken up by the plants as well as by oceans that envelop the Earth’s surface. 13. FUTURE ACTIONS TO BE PURSUED: United States, China and India are the three countries which have to be involved for the long-term reduction and these countries are not part of Kyoto’s Protocol first round. Since United States is not a signatory to the Kyoto’s Protocol, cutting emissions below 1990 level would be impossible to achieve. 14. ALTERNATE ENERGY: Wind energy is being employed in a large capacity in Germany and in a substantial way in countries like India, Denmark U. S, and Spain. As of today, wind energy is growing in a fast space due to technological advancement. It is to be observed that wind energy does not harm the environment and does not generate any greenhouse gases or atmospheric emission. Wind energy is named as renewable energy as it is replenishable and depends upon the sun as it is a form of solar energy. Hence, as long as sun is there, wind energy can be harnessed without any limit. Tidal energy is being harnessed to manufacture electricity also. A tidal power plant is in operation on the Rance River, an estuary of the English Channel in northwestern France since summer 1966. Tidal power plants will be most effective if the difference between high and low tides is enormous, as in Rance estuary, it is estimated that the difference is around 8. 5m or about 28 feet. Nuclear energy is a clean, competent and cost effective energy of the future. Some argue that though the nuclear energy is costly but it can be tolerated as it is a very efficient form of energy. For example, when set of uranium fuel rods is fitted in a nuclear reactor, it needs not to be replaced for many years. Further, uranium is available in plenty and its supplies are assured for many centuries ahead. As compared to fossil fuel based power plants , nuclear power plants does not emit toxic gasses in the atmosphere which ultimately responsible for global warming. It is to be remembered that a nuclear power plant does not pollute either the atmosphere or the water as compared to a coal-fired power plant.

The Launch Of Banyan Tree Hotels Marketing Essay

The Launch Of Banyan Tree Hotels Marketing Essay BTHR first saw a gap in the luxury resort market in Phuket, and sought to tap into this market with a value proposition of a premium but affordable luxury resort. Strategic brand management was thus vital. Having targeted a niche market, Banyan Tree had the first-mover advantage amongst its competitors. But it was its consistency in delivering its brand promise that led to word-of-mouth recommendations on Banyan Tree experience spreading quickly. Also, to guarantee consistency and continuity in brand building, BTHR centralised its long-term marketing strategy and even allocated marketing budget to both its consumers and wholesalers. Likewise, BTHR made an effort to maintain good relationships with the governments and local communities, which contributed to its strong brand in Asia. Within a couple of years, BTHR was awarded numerous international awards and accolades, and it effectively capitalised on these awards and accolades to build its brand equity quickly. Valuable : With its careful brand management and consistent brand delivery to its guests, brand loyalty was created. This enabled a premium charge and made international expansion possible. Moreover, its first-mover advantage made it tough for its rivals to match its success. Rare : Being the first resort to provide a luxury accommodation with romance, intimacy, privacy and rejuvenation, it managed to differentiate itself from its competitors. Furthermore, it can be seen that BTHR has the capability to build strong customer-based brand equity, as not many of its rival firms can relate to this proposition of romance and intimacy. Costly-to-imitate : It is almost impossible to emulate BTHRs brand as numerous capabilities across the value chain contributed to its success its first-mover advantage, strategic brand image/positioning, innovative and exclusive service by Banyan staff, and extensive marketing. Non-substitutable : There is no doubt that many resorts were targeting the luxury premium market, however, none of them are perfect substitutes of Banyan Tree. Likewise, the strong brand equity and human efforts BTHR had put into building it is not easily replicable. II. Innovation Resources : Product Differentiation and High Quality Service BTHRs capacity to innovate led to its ability to create product differentiation and high quality service, which kept customers returning. It differentiated its offering by being the first in Asia to adopt the concept of a non-clinical garden spa with an oriental feel. Also, BTHR placed emphasis on the interior dà ©cor and facilities of the villas to enhance the Banyan Tree experience, with each villa having a private landscaped garden and an open-air sunken bathtub. It offers a variety of spa packages and cuisines tailored to customers likings too. Additionally, Banyan Tree staff were encouraged to give innovative and exclusive service, to make sure its guests feel that they were paid special attention. Unique product offerings such as customised weddings even included a special touch of local culture. Valuable : BTHR was successful in winning the hearts of its customers as its offers them innovative and fresh experiences. This resulted in customer loyalty and word-of-mouth advertising, which generated a sustainable source of revenue. Rare : Such product differentiation and customised services were only available at BTHR. Besides, the fusion of Banyan staff experience and BTHR culture adds on to its exclusivity. Costly-to-imitate : BTHRs innovations were integrations of its culture as well as staffs expertise, making it costly for competitors to duplicate them. Non-substitutable : It is difficult for competitors to replicate the high quality and customised services offered by Banyan Tree. Moreover, the endless innovations and ideas kept its guests amazed and thrilled, making the Banyan Tree experience special and non-substitutable. III. Human Resources : In-house Management Capabilities Banyan Tree sets itself apart by having strong support of in-house management capabilities. As management capabilities are in-house, BTHR could build a resort from scratch within two years. Furthermore, all those involved shared BTHRs corporate culture, were familiar with each other, enabling flexible and rapid decision making. Moreover, with in-house design capabilities, it can tailor its design according to its value proposition of romance and intimacy. To ensure efficiency, BTHR deployed pre-fabrication methods and problems were rectified quickly. Similarly, decision-making process was also hastened by the formation of the GX Group, which consisted of the key personnel and expertise required to make decisions. Besides, local staff were given the liberty to be creative in their service to ensure there was no gap between the level of service and customers expectations. This enhances staffs sense of belonging in BTHR, which explains the low attrition rate of staff. In-house trainings ensure its staff are sufficiently skilled to provide high quality services for its targeted customers too. Valuable : Having in-house management capabilities empowers BTHR with better control over its expenses and product innovations, allowing consistent delivery of its brand promise. Its ability to build a resort faster than its competitors gives it a competitive edge too. Rare : The in-house management capability enables BTHR to control every part of its project development process. This is a rare capability as most hotel owners engage external vendors. Costly-to-imitate : Due to the large outlay of capital required for its construction capabilities and resources, it would be extremely costly for its competitors to imitate. Similarly, it is almost impossible to emulate its staff trainings as they are also conducted in-house. Non-substitutable : Eventhough some of these capabilities and resources can be outsourced, it would not be as value-adding to Banyan Tree as they would lose control of management. In conclusion, the key resources supporting the development and rise of Banyan Tree are highly interdependent. Together, the resources spurred the growth of BTHR as they enabled Banyan Tree to distinguish itself from its rivals. It is also noticed that these are intangible resources as intangibles make it more difficult for competitors to analyse and imitate.

Native American History Essay -- American Indian Culture

Popular culture has shaped our understanding and perception of Native American culture. From Disney to literature has given the picture of the â€Å"blood thirsty savage† of the beginning colonialism in the new world to the â€Å"Noble Savage,† a trait painted by non-native the West (Landsman and Lewis 184) and this has influenced many non native perceptions. What many outsiders do not see is the struggle Native American have on day to day bases. Each generation of Native American is on a struggle to keep their traditions alive, but to function in school and ultimately graduate. The long history between Native American and Europeans are a strained and bloody one. For the time of Columbus’s subsequent visits to the new world, native culture has been under a microscope. They were viewed in a scope of inferiority that caused Europeans to think that they needed them to teach them the correct way of life (Landsman and Lewis 184). The want for goods soon characterized interaction with settlers and the want for a stable trading relationship, becoming more apparent with the French Trappers (â€Å"How the Land†). The French were able to integrate into the Native society and understand with great respect, while the British only saw economic relationships with marriage (â€Å"How the Land†). The history of Native American were from a biased prospective and preventing the true nature Native American to be evident among white settlers. Many of whom welcomed white settlements for the prospect of new trade post and trading goods (â€Å"How the Landâ € ). Through the hardship and perseverance the education systems us still a struggle that many native people still have today. It is the history of the education through boarding schools that causes distrust for the current... ...cahy interview of Mary L. Wingerd. Minnesota Public Radio. 07 Sept. 2010. Web. 07 Oct. 2011 McCallum, Laura. â€Å"States Told to Improve American Indian Student Achievement.† Minnesota. Publicradio.org. Minnesota Public Radio, 16 May 2007. Web. 07 Oct. 2011. Landsman, Julie G., and Chance W. Lewis. White Teachers/ Diverse Classrooms. Sterling: Stylus, 2011. Print â€Å"Professor wants to Foster New Generation of Ojibwe Speakers.† Hosted by Kate Smith Interview of Anton Treuer. Minnesota Public Radio. 09 Sept. 2010. Web. 07 Oct. 2011. Robertson, Tom. â€Å"Red Lake Student Score Lower than Other Indian Kids on Standardized Test.† Minnesota.Publicradio.org. Minnesota Public Radio, 06 June 2004. Web. 07 Oct. 2011. Weber, Tom. â€Å"Study: Few Academic Gains for American Indian Students.† Minnesota. Publicradio.org. Minnesota Public Radio, 30 June 2010. Web. 07 Oct. 2011.

Obsessive-compulsive Behaviors Essay -- essays research papers

Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors "Compulsive" and "obsessive" have become everyday words. "I'm compulsive" is how some people describe their need for neatness, punctuality, and shoes lined up in the closets. "He's so compulsive is shorthand for calling someone uptight, controlling, and not much fun. "She's obsessed with him" is a way of saying your friend is hopelessly lovesick. That is not how these words are used to describe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or OCD, a strange and fascinating sickness of ritual and doubts run wild. OCD can begin suddenly and is usually seen as a problem as soon as it starts. Compulsives (a term for patients who mostly ritualize) and obsessives (those who think of something over and over again) rarely have rituals or thoughts about nuetral questions or behaviors. What are their rituals about? There are several possible ways to list symptoms of OCD. All sources agree that the most common preoccupations are dirt (washing, germs, touching), checking for safety or closed spaces (closets, doors, drawers, appliances, light switches), and thoughts, often thoughts about unacceptable violent, sexual, or crude behavior. When the thoughts and rituals of OCD are intense, the victim's work and home life disintigrate. Obsessions are persistant, senseless, worrisome, and often times, embarrassing, or frightening thoughts that repeat over and over in the mind in an endless loop. The automatic nature of these recurant thoughts makes them difficult for the person to ignore or restrain successfully. The essence of a Compulsive Personality Disorder is normally found in a restricted person, who is a perfectionist to a degree that demands that others to submit to hisher way of doing things. A compulsive personality is also often indecisive and excessively devoted to work to the exclusion of pleasure. When pleasure is considered, it is something to be planned and worked for. Pleasurable activities are usually postponed and sometimes never even enjoyed. With severe compulsions, endless rituals dominate each day. Compulsions are incredibly repetitive and seemingly purposeful acts that result from the obsessions. The person performs certain acts according to certain rules or in a stereotypi... ...ty to discard worn out or worthless objects." (A.P.A.,'80) So much is asked about where our everyday lives stop and OCD begins. The basis of Obsessive -Compulsive Disorder is still unknown. The evidence for a biological cause is compelling but unfortunately it is still necessary to speak of the biology of behavior in vague terms. The effect of a drug, and the normality of many of the families with an OCD kid makes the importance of "poor upbringing" as a cause of OCD uncertain to say the least. This is a disease that may be thought of as doubts gone wild. Patients doubt their very own senses. They cannot believe any reasurance of everyday life. Reassurance does not work. The notion that there is a biological basis for a sense of "knowing" has interesting philosophical implications. We are normally convinced that what we see and feel is truely there. If this is a "doubting disease," and if a chemical controls this sense of doubt, then is our usual, normal belief in what our everyday senses and common sense tell us similarly determined by our brain chemistry?

Womens’ Liberation Movement Notes

The Women's Liberation Movement AKA: Women's Lib Feminist Movement or Women's Rights Movement â€Å"Feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings† -women fighting male power structure Women, you may be feminist if you: -had lots of choices after high school -had the option of college/grad school -have a career/job and family -plan to be a doctor, lawyer, engineer (professional) -support fair work salary for any work -workplace is free of sexual discrimination -participate in women's sports -go to a woman doctor -vote in any political race -run for any political office intend to use daycare -can get a divorce (custody) -â€Å"You have the choose of wearing jeans and tennis shoes instead of a girdle and heels† â€Å"man is not the enemy here but the fellow victim† -Betty Friedan -If civil rights are denied by somebody, it affects everybody Men, you may be feminist if you: -are in college or have had other opportunities because of mom's good job to cont ribute to income -mom had support services to help raise you/siblings -have a content, stay at home mom -have ever been asked out by a girl (or paid) Understand and Appreciate Art -How is it put together? What do I personally bring? -Where did it come from? (Context) The First Wave of Feminism 1848-1920 -Women's Rights Convention *Seneca Falls, NY: July 19-20, 1848 -19th Amendment *ratified June 26, 1920 *voting day: November 2, 1920 Second Wave of Feminism 1960s-70s State of Women's Rights in 1848 by Custom and/or Law -Economic *could not buy/sell property *could not enter into contracts without husband's consent *actually seen as property -Social *no recourse to spousal abuse *no divorce without husband's consent *few custody rights over kids *could not go out in public alone Educational *denied any education *denied education in math, language *most could not go to college *could not enter the professions (law, engineering) *some women attended â€Å"female seminars† or â €Å"academies† to become teachers; once they were married, however, they were fired -Political *could not serve on a jury *could not testify in a case (too emotional, not trustworthy) *could not vote (not smart, too delicate, â€Å"vote like husband†) Lizzy Borden: acquitted by a jury of 12 men: â€Å"not guilty† of killing her two parents â€Å"Lizzie Borden took an axe And gave her mother forty whacks.When she saw what she had done She gave her father forty-one. † The Birth of the Women's Movement -Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention with their husbands in London; they were denied seats because they were women -The women reunited at a tea party at the McKlintock House in July 1848 (Seneca Falls, NY) and decided on a convention -Stanton mostly wrote the â€Å"The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments† *†We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal† List of Grievances -never exercised the right to vote he made her morally, an irresponsible being -in the eye of the law, married women were â€Å"dead† -denied right to education -denied divorce rights -demeaned to second-class citizens Women's Rights Convention, July 19-20, 1848 -300 men and women gathered at the Wesleyan Methodist Church, Seneca Falls, NY -Ratification of their Declaration -Fight over the 11th amendment (suffrage) -Frederick Douglass (great orator, ex-slave, equivalent to Malcolm X) fought for women's rights at the convention: compared value of women as lesser than animals in society Video Clip Notes: Not for Ourselves Alone- Seneca Falls narrations from female historians reflecting -procession of women to Seneca Falls -July 19, only women attended; July 20, open to all (over 300 men and women) -Lucretia's husband was asked to lead (the women were nervous because they never spoke in public) -men decried women of their rights -68 men and women signed their Decl aration -11 new conditions, only 10 were passed; still no right to vote -â€Å"The right to vote is ours. Have it we must, use it we will† -Stanton -â€Å"Without the vote, women would be unable to change the laws that hurt them† -Douglass The Suffrage Movement Susan B. Anthony (died 1906) *Last public words: â€Å"Failure is impossible† *One of four women and 2 modern women to be on money -Carrie Chapman Catt -Alice Paul â€Å"Iron Jawed Angels† (film) -women jailed for fighting for suffrage The End of the First Wave -Ratification of the 19th Amendment, June 29, 1920 Sufragette: women (1920s) who fought for women's rights Video Clip Notes -Interview with Ruth Dyk (98 yrs. old): mom was a suffragette -Interview with Ethel Hall (100 yrs. old) -more than 8 million women voted -14 years for women to vote since Declaration Stanton and Anthony did not get to vote because they died One Step Forward, Two Steps Back -Some improvement -loss of â€Å"steam† -Great Depression (â€Å"Migrant Mother† iconic Great Depression photo taken by Dorothy Lange, 1936) â€Å"We Can Do It! † World War II : The 1940s -women take over â€Å"masculine jobs† to help win the war -â€Å"if you've used an electric mixer in your kitchen, you can learn to run a drill press† -â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† represented a lot of women; iconic poster by J. Howard Miller -6 million women became Rosie's -â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† by the Four Vagabonds (song) Marilyn Monroe (Norma Jane Baker) was a Rosie working with planes, when a photographer saw her and took army photos -Fannie Lou Hamer: sharecropper who became a significant voting rights and civil rights activist Rush to the Altar mid-late 1940s -soldiers come home, women go home, men take back the jobs Marriage rate: 1948- 16. 4%; 2008- 7. 1% Traditional Housewives (Suburbs) 1950s -normalcy after the war -traditional families/sex roles -PhT (Putting Husband Through) and Mrs. degrees (women going to college to find a husband) -the ideal of the housewife â€Å"the feminine mystique† Video Clip Notes: â€Å"Why Study Home Economics† (University of Kansas) -â€Å"I'm going to need to know† -â€Å".. homemaker the rest of my life† -we're going to get married, no choice -Counselor: â€Å"Home Ec training teaches you how to be a better homemaker† Ultimate Goal: Marriage and Family -regardless of education -TV Show â€Å"Leave it to Beaver† portrayed traditional family roles -TV was new in the 50s: what messages were TV shows sending to men and women? -â€Å"Drop the Mop† song (â€Å"Equal jobs and educational opportunities†) The Winds of Discontent (late 50s, early 60s) legal job discrimination -1/3 women working outside of home (low paying jobs, laid off first, â€Å"glass ceiling†) -After WWII, new technology -Airline jobs- as soon as a stewardess got married, she was fired; wasn't the same for pilots (only could be male) -teaching was considered the â€Å"best job† (others were secretaries, but no professions) -Lorena Weeks: Used 1964 legislation to fight the legal discrimination at work *operated switchboards under bad hours and low pay Dissatisfied Housewives -Betty Friedan â€Å"voice of dissatisfied housewives† -Wrote â€Å"The Feminine Mystique† (1953)Video Clip Notes -K. Foley: working wife/mother *frozen opportunities and lack of jobs -Dust Roady: earned college degree in 1950, wanted to be a pilot, denied position and only offered to be a stewardess Video Clip Notes: Eastern Airlines commercial -discriminatory and demeaning towards female (stewardesses) -they were fired at age 32, versus male pilots being fired at age 60 -Friedan challenged the identity of women in her book; â€Å".. cannot find herself in a house† -not all women bought her message, however -Jacqui Ceball â€Å"it wasn't us, it was society†The President's Commiss ion on the Status of Women 1961 -JFK's presidency: women were paid $0. 59 for every $1 men were paid -2008: women were paid $0. 77 for every $1 men were paid -low, unequal pay -poor job opportunities -quotas in professional schools (only a certain number of women) -lack of social services -TV show â€Å"All in the Family† – wage disparity (Archie was the husband) -60s: some nuns got rid of their habits (changes in the church) â€Å"The personal is political† -social restrictions *†men only† and â€Å"women only† public places women were isolated in their own homes- they couldn't meet up and talk -this issue lead to â€Å"Consciousness Raising Groups,† where women could talk about anything in privacy without men or children -battered women's shelters -contraceptive rights, including abortion (Roe V. Wade) -rape laws -Before Second Wave Feminism, issues such as abusive relationships were â€Å"personal problems,† not â€Å"society 's problem† -However, feminists argued that society needs to be involved with solving these problems Video Clip Notes -Women try to enter men's bar â€Å"women are people,† â€Å"start all over† (black and whites, men and women)Video Clip Notes â€Å"Second-Class Citizens† -60s: in some states, women needed husband's cosign to get a credit card -70s: women would not be interrupted during consciousness raising group meetings -women's strike â€Å"don't iron while the strike is hot† The Mid 60s-70s -Civil Rights Act 1964 banned discrimination (race and gender) -National Organization for Women (NOW) 1966 *created by Betty Friedan; still one of the largest poetical organizations for women's rights today *aimed at men too (better for them) *not all feminists of 60s agreed with her (like MLK vs Malcolm X)Miss America Protest 1968 -Guerrilla theatre Video Clip Notes -March on Washington 1963 -led to critical victory for minorities and women: LBJ signs Civi l Rights Act -Lorena Weeks cited the Civil RIghts Act to fight *it took 5 years and an appeal to the Supreme Court, but she got the job she wanted -Women in white robes praying â€Å"Mother, Daughter, Holy Granddaughter† -to feminists: Miss America Pageant was epitome of â€Å"ideal woman† -female protestors threw bras, girdles, makeup, and heels in trash -Shirley Chisholm: equal pay and equal opportunities in stock market: feminismWomen's Liberation: â€Å"I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar† -Helen Reddy -Politics -Legal System -Wall Street -Media -Medicine -Arts -Sports -Pop Culure -ALL AREAS â€Å"The Feminine Mystique,† or Betty, Tina, Mrs. Robinson, and all those other housewives Betty Friedan 1921-2006 -Smith College 1942 -Wife, mother, housewife, writer, feminist leader -â€Å"The Feminist Mystique† -Worked as a journalist in 50s, but got fired when she got pregnant; she then did free-lance magazine work from home How did the Feminist Mystique get sta rted? -â€Å"McCall's† magazine â€Å"women's† magazine that catered to women's issues; asked Friedan to write a piece *Friedan interviewed women she graduated with and asked them â€Å"What has been your experience as a woman? † -The initial title of the article was to be â€Å"The Togetherness Woman† (the happy, ideal, traditional woman) -Smith College's Class of 1942 15th reunion What did McCall's expect to find? -ideal 50s women -high levels of satisfaction and happiness -LIFE Magazine, December 1956: â€Å"ideal American woman†¦white, middle-class, frivolous, spoiled, beautiful, boy crazy.. † Ideal 50s Woman -Feminine -Delicate Not intellectual -Compliant -Content -Him-focused -Family-focused -House-focused Video Clip Notes -Christian Dior set standards for fashion trends during wartime -Hourglass figure, girdles and slim shapes with big bust -â€Å"feminine, sexy† -Contestants had to peel potatoes and make a bed in Miss America Pa geant Barbie -invented in 1959 -commercial doll (doll $3, clothes $1-5) -Mattel International Video Clip Notes: Xerox commercial -first machine in 1959 -take-off on Marilyn Monroe, ditzy secetary -overall message: â€Å"So easy a woman can do it† A Housewife's Day -PTA meetings Shopping -Seeing her friends -In her kitchen What did Friedan's survey actually find? -discontent, unhappy -unexplained fatigue and physical illness -prescription drug use sky rocketed *3 years: 1. 2 million pounds of Miltown (tranquilizer) had been taken by women (mid 50s) -lack of interest in the world or hope for the future -went beyond her college peers She found that for women†¦. -College graduate rates: 60% drop out (PhT) -Marriage rates up, age down (average 20yrs and dropping in late 50s) -Skyrocketing birthrate -Labor Market: 1/3 working; nonprofessional â€Å"jobs† Politics: Congress- more in 40s than in the 50s What did Friedan conclude? -Women suffer from â€Å"the problem that has no name† *The housewife's â€Å"blight† (doctors used these terms, even) -Psychological problem: lack of identity -Trapped in a dilemma *Homemaker lifestyle that was the envy of many but not fulfilling, especially to the educated woman -McCall's denied Friedan's magazine Article (editors were men) What is the Feminine Mystique? -Post WWII ideology that a woman can and should only be fulfilled as a housewife and mother -Resistance: sickness, abnormality Intentionally pervasive throughout society -Fight back against Feminine Mystique is the Women's Lib Movement What did Friedan do? -Wrote â€Å"the Feminine Mystique† (1963) *†scream of pain† -Changed the course of history -Became a pioneer of the Second Wave -Remember: Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer of the First Wave Possible â€Å"Why? † Theories -nation's need to return to pre-war â€Å"normalcy†? -â€Å"Artificial Buoyancy† idea that in society, there are people who feel the y want to be on top, meaning some have to sink to the bottom (men vs. omen) -need for a consumer class with time and desire to shop The Freudian â€Å"Why† Theory -Sigmund Freud: Father of psychology and psychiatry -Anatomy is destiny *Women are anatomically built to be mothers -â€Å"Normal female traits are receptivity and passivity†¦a willingness to accept dependence. † -Freud is a â€Å"male chauvinist pig† -Shulamith Firestone coined this phrase Friedan's Conclusion: All the theories are true -The Feminine Mystique is pervasive in society and it is the result of an intentional conspiracy by the male-dominated society to keep things male-dominated The Stepford Wives Sci-fi book by Ira Levin: men find a way to turn their wives into robots (ideal 50s woman) -Movies: 1975- thriller; 2004- spoof (credits show many different shots to send his message) The Graduate (1967) -#7 American Film Institute: Best movie of all time -Book written by Charles Webb- gradu ated from William College then wrote it -Ann Bancroft (who inspired Professor Loughran to act very young) played â€Å"Mrs. Robinson,† an unhappy housewife -Dustin Hoffman plays â€Å"Benjamin,† a discontent college graduate; actor was originally supposed to be tall and attractive, like Robert Redford -Katharine Ross Music: Simon and Garfunkel wrote the theme song, which was originally supposed to be â€Å"Mrs. Roosevelt† -Director: Mike Nichols Video Clip Notes â€Å"the Graduate† -Scene begins after Ben's graduation party -Mrs. Robinson resorts to alcohol and music -â€Å"Mrs. Robinson you're trying to seduce me† Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970) -Comedy of manners: making fun of a certain segment of society -exploring dangers of Feminine Mystique in a humorous way -Making fun of upper, affluent lifestyles of these people Early Days of TV -1939 World Fair -Rapid expansion *Post WWII leisure *Better technology Better programming -Content *news, dram a, variety shows *live broadcast *advertising 1955: Fort Wayne, Indiana -Social Lives -Education -Business -Church TV and Politics -JFK AKA â€Å"TV President† -TV was live in the 60s *death of Lee Harvey Oswald was aired 1950s/60s TV: A Man's World â€Å"Women's lives are so dull†¦ they don't need TV shows† â€Å"women can make decisions in comedies.. † -Norman Felton, MGM Executive Producer -Madelyn Martin, writer for â€Å"Lucy† shows Television's Portrayal of Women (according to Friedan) -boring -jealous -inept -foolish -dependent -weak -silly -spoiled -materialistic â€Å"I Married Joan† (1954 Daytime TV Show) *Joan Davis (like Lucille Ball) *†Mrs. Bradley Stevens† (married to judge_ Marlo Thomas: Arts Hero -Personal Life *Born 1937 *Daughter of Danny Thomas (comedy â€Å"Danny Thomas Show†) *grew up privileged *wife/stepmother Phil Donaghue (precursor to Oprah, similar talk show) *didn't want to get married *saw mistre atment of women firsthand in acting industry *wanted to be an actress, and was concerned about making it on her own Acting -TV Series: That Girl, among others -Film -Theater Writing -Free to Be†¦You and Me (healthier children's book) *books, CDs, and TV specialsOther -Producer -Speaker -Awards: Lucy Award (outstanding women in TV), Emmy, Golden Globe, Grammy *same as Sidney Poiter: not about winning, but making a difference That Girl -September 1966 -First show about a single woman -Force behind the show *scripts *clothes -Production aspects -end of season, she had a boyfriend on the show, the producer wanted them to marry but she said â€Å"Hell no! † Making a Difference -Advocate for women's rights *The Ms. Foundation for Women -St. Jude's Children's (Cancer) Research Hospital *Her dad founded this in 1960 Janis wanted what med had- everything Don't compromise yourself. You're all you've got. † Janis Joplin: first female rockstar -wanted to be equal with men -she wanted a personal life -From Port Arthur, TX; always wrote letters and kept in touch with her family -Dated musician Country Joe McDonald -Wanted a career, broke with the band â€Å"Big Brother†and went successfully solo -Died of heroine overdose -Made it okay for a woman to create her own kind of beauty -made it possible for women to have any type of career -1995: inducted into Rock ‘n' Roll Hall of Fame -Helped women reach for the starts -inspired female rockstars